In Chromium we do have integration tests for the sandbox functionality as a whole and unit testing but it doesn't cover things like this as we're testing Chromium's ability to sandbox not whether the OS's primitives have broken. We might notice if all of a sudden our sandbox stopped working, but for something which only exhibits a problem when it's being actively circumvented we won't.
I can't speak to what MS do testing wise, considering the age of some of this code it seems likely there's no test for this specific functionality otherwise you'd assume it would have been noticed. Testing for security defects is inherently difficult anyway, especially logical flaws where you don't get a nice crash. This case is different but in general you usually need some specific setup process to get the system into a vulnerable state which is hard to achieve without knowing ahead of time the bug you were trying to detect.
I can't speak to what MS do testing wise, considering the age of some of this code it seems likely there's no test for this specific functionality otherwise you'd assume it would have been noticed. Testing for security defects is inherently difficult anyway, especially logical flaws where you don't get a nice crash. This case is different but in general you usually need some specific setup process to get the system into a vulnerable state which is hard to achieve without knowing ahead of time the bug you were trying to detect.